Adrián Granados, a key member of the CmapTools development team that left for Florida Institute of Technology (FIT) a few years ago, developed and published a set of tools to deal with Wi-Fi, including the popular 'WiFi Explorer' App which allows you to scan, monitor, and troubleshoot wireless networks. (It's a great App, highly recommended.) To explain 'How do Wi-Fi networks work?', Adrián uses concept maps in his website.
WiFi PC File Explorer Pro $6 Looking for a high speed access to all the files on your computer/laptop from your phone without having a cable connection. All (preferred), or Wi-Fi 2 through Wi-Fi 6 (802.11a/g/n/ac/ax) These settings, available separately for the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, control which versions of the Wi-Fi standard the router uses for wireless communication. Newer versions offer better performance and support more devices concurrently.
Concept maps to explain complex ideas… why don't we see more of them?
Check out the concept maps at:
This article is for network administrators and others who manage their own network. If you're trying to join a Wi-Fi network, one of these articles should help:
- Mac: Connect to Wi-Fi and resolve Wi-Fi issues.
- iPhone, iPad, iPod touch: Connect to Wi-Fi and resolve Wi-Fi issues.
Before changing the settings on your router
- Back up your router's settings, in case you need to restore the settings.
- Update the software on your devices. This is critical to ensure that your devices have the latest security updates and work best with each other.
- First install the latest firmware updates for your router.
- Then update the software on your other devices, such as on your Mac and on your iPhone or iPad.
- On each device that previously joined the network, you might need to forget the network to ensure that the device uses the router's new settings when rejoining the network.
Router settings
To ensure that your devices can reconnect reliably to your network, apply these settings consistently to each Wi-Fi router and access point, and to each band of a dual-band, tri-band, or other multiband router.
Network name (SSID)
A single, unique name (case-sensitive)
The Wi-Fi network name, or SSID (service set identifier), is the name your network uses to advertise its presence to other devices. It's also the name that nearby users see on their device's list of available networks.
Use a name that's unique to your network, and make sure that all routers on your network use the same name for every band they support. For example, don't use common names or default names such as linksys, netgear, dlink, wireless, or 2wire, and don't give your 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands different names.
If you don't follow this guidance, devices might not connect reliably to your network, to all routers on your network, or to all available bands of your routers. And devices that join your network are more likely to encounter other networks that have the same name, and then automatically try to connect to them.
Hidden network
Disabled
A router can be configured to hide its network name (SSID). Your router might incorrectly use 'closed' to mean hidden, and 'broadcast' to mean not hidden.
Hiding the network name doesn't conceal the network from detection or secure it against unauthorized access. And because of the way that devices search for and connect to Wi-Fi networks, using a hidden network might expose information that can be used to identify you and the hidden networks you use, such as your home network. When connected to a hidden network, your device might show a privacy warning because of this privacy risk.
To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.
Security
WPA3 Personal for better security, or WPA2/WPA3 Transitional for compatibility with older devices
The security setting defines the type of authentication and encryption used by your router, and the level of privacy protection for data transmitted over its network. Whichever level of security you choose, always set a strong password for joining the network.
Wifi Explorer 2 6 View Wifi Networks Router
- WPA3 Personal is the newest, most secure protocol currently available for Wi-Fi devices. It works with all devices that support Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), and some older devices.
- WPA2/WPA3 Transitional is a mixed mode that uses WPA3 Personal with devices that support that protocol, while allowing older devices to use WPA2 Personal (AES) instead.
- WPA2 Personal (AES) is appropriate when you can't use one of the more secure modes. In that case, also choose AES as the encryption or cipher type, if available.
Settings that turn off security, such as None, Open, or Unsecured, are strongly discouraged. Turning off security disables authentication and encryption and allows anyone to join your network, access its shared resources (including printers, computers, and smart devices), use your internet connection, and monitor data transmitted over your network or internet connection (including the websites you visit). This is a risk even if security is turned off temporarily or for a guest network.
Don't create or join networks that use older, deprecated security protocols like WPA/WPA2 Mixed Mode, WPA Personal, TKIP, Dynamic WEP (WEP with 802.1X), WEP Transitional Security Network, WEP Open, or WEP Shared. These are no longer secure, and they reduce network reliability and performance. Apple devices show a security warning when joining such networks.
MAC address filtering, authentication, access control
Disabled
When this feature is enabled, your router can be set up to allow only devices that have specified MAC (media access control) addresses to join the network. You shouldn't rely on this feature to prevent unauthorized access to your network, for these reasons:
Wifi Explorer 2 6 View Wifi Networks Network
- It doesn't prevent network observers from monitoring or intercepting traffic on the network.
- MAC addresses can easily be copied, spoofed (impersonated), or changed.
- To help protect user privacy, some Apple devices use a different MAC address for each Wi-Fi network.
To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.
Automatic firmware updates
Enabled
If possible, set your router to automatically install software and firmware updates as they become available. Firmware updates can affect the security settings available to you, and they deliver other important improvements to the stability, performance, and security of your router.
Radio mode
All (preferred),or Wi-Fi 2 through Wi-Fi 6 (802.11a/g/n/ac/ax)
These settings, available separately for the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, control which versions of the Wi-Fi standard the router uses for wireless communication. https://downjup740.weebly.com/pin-up-game.html. Newer versions offer better performance and support more devices concurrently.
It's usually best to enable every mode offered by your router, rather then a subset of those modes. All devices, including older devices, can then connect using the fastest radio mode they support. This also helps reduce interference from nearby legacy networks and devices.
Bands
Enable all bands supported by your router
A Wi-Fi band is like a street over which data can flow. More bands provide more data capacity and performance for your network.
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Channel
Auto
Each band of your router is divided into multiple, independent communication channels, like lanes in a street. When channel selection is set to automatic, your router selects the best Wi-Fi channel for you.
If your router doesn't support automatic channel selection, choose whichever channel performs best in your network environment. That varies depending on the Wi-Fi interference in your network environment, which can include interference from any other routers and devices that are using the same channel. If you have multiple routers, configure each to use a different channel, especially if they are close to each other.
Channel width
20MHz for the 2.4GHz band
Auto orall widths (20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz) for the 5GHz band
Hiding the network name doesn't conceal the network from detection or secure it against unauthorized access. And because of the way that devices search for and connect to Wi-Fi networks, using a hidden network might expose information that can be used to identify you and the hidden networks you use, such as your home network. When connected to a hidden network, your device might show a privacy warning because of this privacy risk.
To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.
Security
WPA3 Personal for better security, or WPA2/WPA3 Transitional for compatibility with older devices
The security setting defines the type of authentication and encryption used by your router, and the level of privacy protection for data transmitted over its network. Whichever level of security you choose, always set a strong password for joining the network.
Wifi Explorer 2 6 View Wifi Networks Router
- WPA3 Personal is the newest, most secure protocol currently available for Wi-Fi devices. It works with all devices that support Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), and some older devices.
- WPA2/WPA3 Transitional is a mixed mode that uses WPA3 Personal with devices that support that protocol, while allowing older devices to use WPA2 Personal (AES) instead.
- WPA2 Personal (AES) is appropriate when you can't use one of the more secure modes. In that case, also choose AES as the encryption or cipher type, if available.
Settings that turn off security, such as None, Open, or Unsecured, are strongly discouraged. Turning off security disables authentication and encryption and allows anyone to join your network, access its shared resources (including printers, computers, and smart devices), use your internet connection, and monitor data transmitted over your network or internet connection (including the websites you visit). This is a risk even if security is turned off temporarily or for a guest network.
Don't create or join networks that use older, deprecated security protocols like WPA/WPA2 Mixed Mode, WPA Personal, TKIP, Dynamic WEP (WEP with 802.1X), WEP Transitional Security Network, WEP Open, or WEP Shared. These are no longer secure, and they reduce network reliability and performance. Apple devices show a security warning when joining such networks.
MAC address filtering, authentication, access control
Disabled
When this feature is enabled, your router can be set up to allow only devices that have specified MAC (media access control) addresses to join the network. You shouldn't rely on this feature to prevent unauthorized access to your network, for these reasons:
Wifi Explorer 2 6 View Wifi Networks Network
- It doesn't prevent network observers from monitoring or intercepting traffic on the network.
- MAC addresses can easily be copied, spoofed (impersonated), or changed.
- To help protect user privacy, some Apple devices use a different MAC address for each Wi-Fi network.
To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.
Automatic firmware updates
Enabled
If possible, set your router to automatically install software and firmware updates as they become available. Firmware updates can affect the security settings available to you, and they deliver other important improvements to the stability, performance, and security of your router.
Radio mode
All (preferred),or Wi-Fi 2 through Wi-Fi 6 (802.11a/g/n/ac/ax)
These settings, available separately for the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, control which versions of the Wi-Fi standard the router uses for wireless communication. https://downjup740.weebly.com/pin-up-game.html. Newer versions offer better performance and support more devices concurrently.
It's usually best to enable every mode offered by your router, rather then a subset of those modes. All devices, including older devices, can then connect using the fastest radio mode they support. This also helps reduce interference from nearby legacy networks and devices.
Bands
Enable all bands supported by your router
A Wi-Fi band is like a street over which data can flow. More bands provide more data capacity and performance for your network.
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Channel
Auto
Each band of your router is divided into multiple, independent communication channels, like lanes in a street. When channel selection is set to automatic, your router selects the best Wi-Fi channel for you.
If your router doesn't support automatic channel selection, choose whichever channel performs best in your network environment. That varies depending on the Wi-Fi interference in your network environment, which can include interference from any other routers and devices that are using the same channel. If you have multiple routers, configure each to use a different channel, especially if they are close to each other.
Channel width
20MHz for the 2.4GHz band
Auto orall widths (20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz) for the 5GHz band
Channel width specifies how large of a 'pipe' is available to transfer data. Wider channels are faster but more susceptible to interference and more likely to interfere with other devices.
- 20MHz for the 2.4GHz band helps to avoid performance and reliability issues, especially near other Wi-Fi networks and 2.4GHz devices, including Bluetooth devices.
- Auto or all channel widths for the 5GHz band ensures the best performance and compatibility with all devices. Wireless interference is less of a concern in the 5GHz band.
DHCP
Enabled, if your router is the only DHCP server on the network
DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) assigns IP addresses to devices on your network. Each IP address identifies a device on the network and enables it to communicate with other devices on the network and internet. A network device needs an IP address much like a phone needs a phone number.
Your network should have only one DHCP server. If DHCP is enabled on more than one device (such as on both your cable modem and router), address conflicts might prevent some devices from connecting to the internet or using network resources.
DHCP lease time
8 hours for home or office networks; 1 hour for hotspots or guest networks
DHCP lease time is the length of time that an IP address assigned to a device is reserved for that device.
Wi-Fi routers usually have a limited number of IP addresses that they can assign to devices on the network. If that number is depleted, the router can't assign IP addresses to new devices, and those devices can't communicate with other devices on the network and internet. Reducing DHCP lease time allows the router to more quickly reclaim and reassign old IP addresses that are no longer being used.
NAT
Enabled, if your router is the only device providing NAT on the network
NAT (network address translation) translates between addresses on the internet and addresses on your network. NAT can be understood by imagining a company's mail department, where deliveries to employees at the company's street address are routed to employee offices within the building.
Generally, enable NAT only on your router. If NAT is enabled on more than one device (such as on both your cable modem and router), the resulting 'double NAT' might cause devices to lose access to certain resources on the network or internet.
WMM
Enabled
WMM (Wi-Fi multimedia) prioritizes network traffic to improve the performance of a variety of network applications, such as video and voice. All routers that support Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n) or later should have WMM enabled by default. Disabling WMM can affect the performance and reliability of devices on the network.
Device features that can affect Wi-Fi connections
These features might affect how you set up your router or the devices that connect to it.
Private Wi-Fi Address
If you're connecting to a Wi-Fi network from an iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, or Apple Watch, learn about using private Wi-Fi addresses in iOS 14, iPadOS 14, and watchOS 7.
Location Services
Make sure that your device has Location Services turned on for Wi-Fi networking, because regulations in each country or region define the Wi-Fi channels and wireless signal strength allowed there. Location Services helps to ensure that your device can reliably see and connect to nearby devices, and that it performs well when using Wi-Fi or features that rely on Wi-Fi, such as AirPlay or AirDrop.
On your Mac:
- Choose Apple menu > System Preferences, then click Security & Privacy.
- Click the lock in the corner of the window, then enter your administrator password.
- In the Privacy tab, select Location Services, then select Enable Location Services.
- Scroll to the bottom of the list of apps and services, then click the Details button next to System Services.
- Select Wi-Fi Networking, then click Done.
On your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch:
- Go to Settings > Privacy > Location Services.
- Turn on Location Services.
- Scroll to the bottom of the list, then tap System Services.
- Turn on Networking & Wireless (or Wi-Fi Networking).
Auto-Join when used with wireless carrier Wi-Fi networks
Wireless carrier Wi-Fi networks are public networks set up by your wireless carrier and their partners. Your iPhone or other Apple cellular device treats them as known networks and automatically connects to them.
If you see 'Privacy Warning' under the name of your carrier's network in Wi-Fi settings, your cellular identity could be exposed if your device were to join a malicious hotspot impersonating your carrier's Wi-Fi network. To avoid this possibility, you can prevent your iPhone or iPad from automatically rejoining your carrier's Wi-Fi network:
- Go to Settings > Wi-Fi.
- Tap next to the wireless carrier's network.
- Turn off Auto-Join.
